II.3 Observation of Fern Spores

Aim

To examine the structure of fern sporangia and spores.

Specimen & Apparatus

• Fertile fern frond (e.g. bracken or garden fern)
• Needle or forceps
• Slide and coverslip
• Water
• Compound microscope

Method

1. Locate sori (clusters of sporangia) on the underside of the frond.
2. Remove a small portion using a needle or forceps.
3. Place on a slide and add a drop of water.
4. Gently tease the material to release spores if necessary.
5. Apply a coverslip and examine under low and then higher magnification.

Observations to Make

• Arrangement of sporangia within the sorus.
• Shape and appearance of individual spores.
• Relative size of spores compared to surrounding structures.
• Any visible surface detail on spores.

⚠️ Safety: Please read the Safety & Disclaimer page before attempting this exercise.